![]() Alan Chesney, in his monumental history of the early days at Hopkins, didn't mention it either. The two leading biographers of Gilman, Fabian Franklin and Abraham Flexner, did not mention Skull and Bones in their text or list it in the index. ![]() The interested reader will search in vain for any mention of these organizations or their influence because they are, indeed, secret. Halsted, despite being football captain and a talented player on the baseball team, was not tapped by either one. Both Gilman and Welch belonged to Skull and Bones, while Harvey Cushing was a member of Scroll and Key and may have turned down a tap from Bones. Running like a golden thread through this story are Yale's secret societies, dominated by the famous Skull and Bones. In the second half of the 19th century, Yale College produced four men who were to play pivotal roles in creating a new and distinctly American kind of university and in the way medicine was taught in this country: One Harvard alumnus was quoted as saying that he intended to send his son to Yale because, “in real life, all the Harvard men are working for Yale men.” Yale men made such records that … to rival institutions and academic reformers there was something irritating and disquieting about old Yale College. Yale inspired a loyalty in its sons that was conspicuous and impressive. Yale was exasperately and mysteriously successful, and the power of the place remains unmistakable. The official history of the college puts it this way: It is worth noting that every name I have mentioned, including the fictitious ones, were members of Yale's famous secret society, Skull and Bones, except for those few who matriculated before Bones was founded in 1832. Yale's reputation was such that it even spawned fictitious Yalies such as Frank Merriwell and Dink Stover. White, founding president of Cornell and a future president of the United States, William Howard Taft. Willard Gibbs educators such as Timothy Dwight, future Yale president, and Andrew D. Calhoun scientists such as Benjamin Silliman and J. Morse men of letters such as Noah Webster statesmen such as John C. Numbered among Yale's graduates were inventors such as Eli Whitney and Samuel F. Having celebrated its centennial in the first year of the new century, the college was transforming itself from a regional New England school whose main function was the education of young men for the Congregational ministry to a dynamic national school whose new function was to train the leaders of the expanding, dynamic America that sprung into being in that century. “The three modified skulls attest to the special treatment of certain individuals and represent an entirely new category of find,” she says, “one which testifies to the interaction of the living with the dead at this important Early Neolithic ritual center.During the 19th century, Yale College was an academic powerhouse. The incised grooves would have prevented the cord from slipping along the smooth surface of the bone as it dangled. According to researcher Julia Gresky of the German Archaeological Institute, the skulls may have been suspended by a cord that wrapped around the head and passed through a small drill hole at the top. Deep incisions were repeatedly carved into the skulls with stone tools to create grooves that ran up the forehead and toward the back of the head. Marks on the three partial skulls indicate that they were de-fleshed, modified, and even painted. The discovery further underscores the complex ritual behavior exhibited at Göbekli Tepe. This is the first indication of how Göbekli Tepe’s inhabitants may have treated their dead, and archaeologists believe it may provide evidence of an Early Neolithic “skull cult” that exhibited the decapitated heads of either venerated ancestors or dispatched enemies at designated spots. The fragments belong to three partially preserved skulls that were carved and altered after death. This year, researchers revealed that microscopic analysis of bone fragments found at the site suggests that human skulls may once have hung there on prominent display. Between the tenth and eighth millennia B.C., people there erected a series of massive stone circles where groups gathered for religious or social purposes. Göbekli Tepe is one of the world’s most significant, yet mysterious, archaeological sites.
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